The goal of it efforts are to review the end result regarding reproduce and many years to the eggs manufacturing in addition to egg additional and interior quality inside four Italian twin-mission breeds , at the beginning and lots of days later on than basic days installing passion that occurred, respectively, at the end of june/start of trip as well as in winter season, under changeable environmental standards.
dos.step one. Pet and you will Rearing Requirements
Four Italian chicken types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you may Robusta Lionata (RL), had been felt towards the analysis. The human body weight away from adult women try step one.25 kg during the PP, dos.31 kg for the Emergency room and you can 3.05 kg into the RM and you will RL. Their origin ‘s the Veneto part (Italy): PP try an old local breed; its supply is actually dated back to the fresh new XIX century, but no right data to your the genetic source can be found. The other types are manufactured into the Veneto inside 1950s: the newest Emergency room reproduce comes from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you can Rhode Island (brownish eggshell reproduce) breeds, while towards RM and you may RL breeds, Brown Orpington and you can Light America, two brown eggshell types were used . Also the adult lbs, such breeds disagree in their plumage colour: it’s fantastic in PP, Er reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly white with black extremities in several nations of human anatomy, black colored feathers away from primaries and you may end and you may RL reveals an effective tawny plumage having black feathers away from primaries and you will tail. Every types (Profile S1) inform you solitary brush and lay shaded eggshell eggs (Contour S2).
2. Materials and techniques
Birds out-of for every breed hatched at the same time (last half away from age ranch of the Center for Poultry Biodiversity Preservation about Veneto part (it routinely offers the latest rearing ones types also are you aware that eggs production to have incubation and you may brooding), when you look at the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), of hatching on pubertal decades and you will about putting several months, which started regarding prevent out-of summer to the start of autumn (Shape 1), with respect to the reproduce. Feeding, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis measures was basically the same to your five types, ever since off hatching into stop of your own learnt several months, which had been inside the , from the 53 weeks old. New recently hatched chicks was indeed kept inside in the earliest 4 days from lifetime, during the an ecological temperature decreasing of 32 in order to 24 °C, below infra-red-colored rays lights, into litter. On step 1.5 days old, the brand new wild birds got 100 % free usage of outdoor spaces, away from spring to help you fall and winter months. For every single reproduce (60 hens) got free use of outside (5 m 2 /bird) place (armed with linear drinkers), where hens stayed non-stop, also to indoor (4 hens/yards 2 ) place (timber shavings and you will straw litter, with perches and circular feeders), used mainly for installing egg (collective nests) and at evening; the bedroom (indoor and backyard) offered to for every single reproduce was divided by the netting.
At the beginning of laying (around twenty-two months old to your breed which have earlier onset of laying), inside the September–Oct, depending on the reproduce, the newest photoperiod was pure and you may coming down, according to the season additionally the geographical standing of your own demonstration station inside North Italy (normally, 12L:12D), and for the second several months (away from 38 days of age, off December to 53 days old), phony white try gradually increased (into the indoor room, incandescent light bulb, from the 60 lux) to get an excellent photoperiod out-of 14L:10D. New photoperiod was managed from the a timer, plus it is achieved by switching on the brand new white an hour or so in advance of dawn and turning off they one hour just after sunset. The fresh external ecological temperature is ten ± 3.4 °C and you can eleven ± step three.0 °C, respectively, for the very first (from the beginning off Oct toward end from November) and next (right away off January on the end of February) installing symptoms, when the analysis into give results and you may egg high quality have been accumulated. The latest pets were given post libitum industrial feeds according to their physiological phase (three varied industrial feeds for the increasing months). To your first putting stage (26–33 weeks of age, below decreasing sheer photoperiod), when the types started installing, internationalwomen.net webblГ¤nk new wild birds were given a commercial pelleted offer (PG = 16%, Me = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, California = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = 9.1%, Myself = 13.eight MJ/kg), at a ratio of 1:1. It’s value recalling one to, at this many years, only the dual-purpose and shaded eggshell types exhibited an adjustable onset of installing and you may egg design price, whereas this new hens from the most other varieties of the latest Maintenance Heart to possess Biodiversity and you may hatched meanwhile of studied breeds, like the white eggshell breeds, did not start putting (Padovana breed) otherwise they demonstrated an extremely light putting pastime (Polverara breed), never ever reaching the threshold off 10% hen–go out egg production. The reason for the option of the newest Conservation Heart, never to play with a feed to own installing hens through the this period, is actually due to not forcing the latest pullets so you can egg development through the a period that have decreasing temperatures and you will photoperiod. New birds grew outside, lower than favorable conditions to own skeletal fitness, walking on ground and you can significantly less than solar radiation. Throughout the back yard for each breed, the current presence of yard available to the wild birds is highest throughout the expanding period than simply during the onset of laying, and therefore took place following summer season, when the rain try scarce and failed to allow for a great lawn regrowth. From 38 in order to 53 days old, and lower than increasing photoperiod, this new hens was given a professional pelleted offer to have installing (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All feeds comprised mostly from maize and you will soybean.